I) The frustration is the lack of gratification of a desire, or the refusal to meet a public need. It is a psychological state that occurs when an obstacle blocks the achievement of a goal by an organization that is motivated to achieve that end.
II) components essential for understanding the concept of frustration :
a) it can occur only for a body that can guide their conduct by directing it to an end;
b) the conduct must be activated by a motivation more or less specific;
c) there must be an object (stimulus) corresponding to the need-wish-waiting, able to gratify;
d) there is no frustration without the interference of an obstacle which is interposed between the motivation and incentive to impede the acquisition.
III) The causes of frustration.
1) Physical factors : Out of the womb, the individual is constantly confronted with a physical environment that has its own laws, does not always correspond to an immediate meeting the needs of the organism (eg. Hunger, thirst, shelter, protection, cold, heat, humidity ...).
2) Social factors: man lives in a physical environment "humanized", ie social built to suit the needs of man. But social norms that govern this environment does not always favor the existence: many regulations written (and unwritten) binding action, so that impede the satisfaction of desires (eg. A mixed marriage, winning a contest. ..).
3) Personal factors: are divided into biological, psychological and social .
a) Those relate to the biological organism (a source of frustration is a particular physical condition: small in stature, red hair, myopia ...). Obviously, the physical situation itself is not due to a mismatch, but becomes so if it is experienced or is given the subject so frustrating.
b) psychological factors relate to personality (eg. Live in an environment focused on operational efficiency can be frustrating for those who have a personal desire to emotional involvement, human contact and understanding).
c) Social factors affecting the company (eg. Membership in a certain context or social class may lead to frustration). It should be noted, however, that the same experience of no gratification can be perceived by a person as unpleasant or humiliating, while another can be challenging. Often the inability to satisfy a desire is immediately useful stimulate research into new solutions.
IV) reactions to frustration.
1) Persistence obstacle: the greater the incentive-motivation, the greater the tendency to persist in achieving the gratification that is prevented by the persistence of the obstacle.
2) aggressive reactions : Failure to reward extended periods of time may trigger the aggressive response. The energy is detached from the object that obstructs or is reinvested (more aggressively) to another object. The aggressive response is proportional to the frustration. Sometimes, for effect of accumulation, you may experience a strong reaction to the aggressive end of a long series of minor frustrations, none of which, individually lived, would have triggered the crisis.
· The aggressive response can be hetero (facing out) or self-directed (pointing to himself). Responds to the following logic: "If something went wrong, there will be a fault, the blame lies with someone, that someone must be punished." Depending on whether the "someone" is the subject or another, the reaction is aggressive or intrapunitiva extrapunitiva.
· From the aggressive response to stress also redirected: eg. a frustrated person may feel justified in his resentment towards another person (who believes to have behaved in an offensive way) without realizing (because the process is unconscious) that his resentment is due to the fact that the person he replaces actually a third, which was actually offensive against him and to which he could not react.
3) Stimulating intelligence: frustration triggers the behavior, which can be used for learning, provided it is not too intense or too prolonged (eg. In the questions the questions that are too "quiet" or too "disturbing" prof. have a lower yield response).
4) Reaction cooperative frustration can enable collaboration between those who suffer (eg. When there is the threat of a common enemy to forget old wrongs.)
5) Anxiety, Anxiety and Apathy: in all those cases where the extent of the frustration suffered is so high as to exceed the limits tolerated by the subject. Anxiety is a state of agitation, stress, fear, anxiety is uncontrollable agitation, an inability to react, is characterized by apathy, indifference, detachment-total lack of motivation, typical of those subjects tested by serious emotional trauma (imprisonment, earthquakes, torture, grief, betrayal ...) or pathological subjects. Apathy is the ultimate protection of the self from unbearable anguish otherwise.
V) defense mechanisms. Anxiety, fear and apathy are more or less conscious reaction of the subject. But there are also unconscious defense mechanisms and details belonging to any individual, which are practically expression of the need to pretend or hide a condition of life better than it actually is. Of course, if the person is related to reality only by using these mechanisms, then they should be regarded as symptoms of neurosis.
1. Sublimation : is a transformation of the instinctive forces-instinctual-sexual so impulsive and immediate, but socially permitted and approved (work, art, sport ...).
2. Idealization : eg. take only a science, without emotional involvement, a course in sex education.
3. Streamlining : eg. the fox in Aesop's fable justify its failure by saying that the grapes are sour.
4. Escape : eg. dream of becoming an Einstein despite the rejection.
5. Compensation: eg. care dedicated to a dog sometimes compensate for a lack of maternity or impossible.
6. Training reactive: eg. an attitude of uncompromising moral rigor of a mother towards her daughter can express a tendency towards freedom of costumes unacknowledged.
7. Translation: eg. attack an animal or object when you can not attack the opponent.
8. Isolation : eg. talk about the death of a close relative without feeling any emotion (an isolate fact from emotion).
9. Projection: eg. a person who is keen to show their sincerity can think that the others are all liars.
10. Cancellation : eg. Who controls the closing times of the gas valve before leaving (the second cancels the first act).
11. Removing : eg. nocturnal assault may involve not only the removal (the unconscious) of the figure of the aggressor, but also the name of the street where the said event occurred.
12. Regression : eg. reappear in the event of illness attitudes in children.
13. Fixing : eg. also repeat a behavior to changing circumstances.
14. Introjection : eg. when watching a film you identify with the character or the situation as if it were real.
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